Glossary

Plain-English definitions of the filings, market structures, and technology terms that appear in our reports. Terms are linked automatically the first time they appear in a report.

American Depositary Receipt (ADR): An American Depositary Receipt (ADR) is a certificate traded in the US that represents shares of a foreign company held by a depositary bank.
Chaebol: A chaebol is a large, usually family-controlled Korean business group made up of many affiliated companies, such as Samsung, SK, Hyundai, and LG.
Corporate Value-up Program (Korea): Korea's Corporate Value-up Program encourages listed companies to disclose plans to raise their valuation through capital efficiency and shareholder returns.
DART (Korea's Electronic Disclosure System): DART is the Financial Supervisory Service's electronic disclosure system where Korean listed companies file reports and major announcements.
Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC): The FOMC is the Federal Reserve committee that sets US monetary policy, including the target range for the federal funds rate.
Form 10-K: Form 10-K is a US public company's annual report to the SEC, with audited financial statements, risk factors, and a discussion of the business.
Form 10-Q: Form 10-Q is the quarterly report US public companies file with the SEC, containing unaudited financial statements and management discussion.
Form 13F: Form 13F is a quarterly SEC filing in which large institutional investment managers disclose their US equity holdings.
Form 20-F: Form 20-F is the annual report many foreign companies with US-listed securities file with the SEC instead of Form 10-K.
Form 4 (Insider Transactions): Form 4 is the SEC filing US company insiders use to report buying or selling the company's shares, usually within two business days.
Form 8-K: Form 8-K is the SEC "current report" US public companies file to announce major events such as deals, results, or leadership changes.
High Bandwidth Memory (HBM): High Bandwidth Memory (HBM) is stacked DRAM placed right next to a processor to feed AI accelerators far more data per second than ordinary memory.
Korea Discount: The "Korea discount" describes Korean listed companies trading at lower valuations than similar companies in other markets.
KOSDAQ: KOSDAQ is South Korea's second stock market, home mostly to smaller technology, biotech, and growth companies.
KOSPI: KOSPI is the benchmark index of South Korea's main stock market, tracking the companies listed on the KRX KOSPI market.
Open-Weight AI Model: An open-weight AI model is one whose trained weights are published for download, though its license may still restrict how it can be used.
Schedule 13D and 13G: Schedules 13D and 13G are SEC filings made when an investor comes to own more than 5% of a US public company's voting shares.
SEC EDGAR: SEC EDGAR is the US Securities and Exchange Commission's free public database of company filings such as 10-Ks, 10-Qs, and 8-Ks.
Software Supply-Chain Attack: A software supply-chain attack compromises a trusted package, build system, or update so that malicious code reaches everyone who installs it.
Source Map: A source map is a file that links minified or compiled code back to its original source, which can expose that source if published by mistake.